In political science, the state is a fundamental concept that refers to a political organization with the authority to govern a defined territory and population. Here's a clearer breakdown of what the state is and how it differs from society and government:

---

Definition of the State:

The state is a political and legal entity that possesses the following key elements:

1. Defined territory – a clear geographical area.

2. Permanent population – people living within that territory.

3. Government – an institution through which laws are made and enforced.

4. Sovereignty – the authority to govern without external interference.

5. Recognition – acceptance by other states in the international system (especially relevant in international law).

A classic definition comes from political theorist Max Weber, who described the state as:

“a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.”

---

Difference Between State, Society, and Government:

Concept	Definition	Key Characteristics
State	A political entity with sovereignty, territory, population, and government.	Legal authority, monopoly on force, continuity.
Society	A complex network of relationships among people living in a community.	Includes culture, economy, families, religion.
Government	The organization or body through which state authority is exercised.	Temporary, changes with elections or leadership.

---

Key Differences:

• State vs. Government:

  • The state is permanent and abstract; the government is temporary and practical.

  • Example: The United States (state) continues regardless of whether Biden or Trump is in office (government).

• State vs. Society:

  • The state is about political control and authority; society is broader and includes all human relationships, not just political ones.

  • The state may regulate society, but society includes both state and non-state actors (like churches, businesses, families).

---

In Summary:

• The state is a sovereign authority over a territory and people.

• The government is the tool or agency through which the state acts.

• Society is the broader collection of individuals and institutions that exist within or across states.