Democracy: Meaning and Its Various Theories
Democracy is a form of government in which supreme political power lies with the people, who exercise it either directly or indirectly through their elected representatives. The basic principle of democracy is popular sovereignty. Abraham Lincoln defined democracy as “government of the people, by the people and for the people.”
The term democracy is derived from the Greek words ‘Demos’ (people) and ‘Kratos’ (power), meaning rule of the people.
Theories of Democracy
1. Classical (Direct) Theory
This theory originated in ancient Greek city-states, particularly Athens, where citizens directly participated in law-making and administration.
Limitation: It is impractical in modern large and complex societies.
2. Liberal (Representative) Theory
According to this theory, democracy functions through elected representatives who govern on behalf of the people. It emphasizes individual liberty, rule of law, constitutionalism, and fundamental rights.
Thinkers: John Locke, J.S. Mill.
Criticism: Real power often remains in the hands of political elites.
3. Elite Theory of Democracy
This theory argues that democracy is essentially the rule of a minority elite, while the masses play a limited role through elections.
Thinkers: Pareto, Mosca.
Criticism: It undermines mass participation and popular control.
4. Pluralist Theory
Pluralist theorists believe that power in a democracy is distributed among various interest groups, and politics is a process of bargaining and compromise.
Thinker: Robert Dahl.
Merit: Prevents concentration of power.
Criticism: Overlooks inequalities among groups.
5. Marxist Theory of Democracy
Marxists argue that liberal democracy is a bourgeois democracy that protects capitalist interests. True democracy can exist only in a classless socialist society.
Thinkers: Karl Marx, Lenin.
Criticism: Often results in authoritarian rule in practice.
6. Participatory Theory
This theory emphasizes active participation of citizens in political decision-making beyond periodic elections.
Thinkers: Rousseau, C.B. Macpherson.
Criticism: Difficult to implement on a large scale.
Conclusion
Democracy is a multi-dimensional and evolving concept. Each theory highlights different aspects such as liberty, equality, participation, and power distribution. Together, these theories help in understanding the complex nature of modern democratic systems.
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